8 research outputs found

    Traffic assignment optimization models

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    Optimalizace toku v síti je klasickou aplikací matematického programování. Tyto modely mají, mimo jiné, široké uplatnění také v logistice, kde se tak snažíme docílit optimálního rozdělení dopravy, např. vzhledem k maximalizaci zisku, či minimalizaci nákladů. Toto pojetí ovšem často problém idealizuje, poněvadž předpokládá existenci jediného rozhodovatele. Takový přístup je možný ve striktně organizovaných sítích jako např. v logistických sítích přepravních společností, železničních sítích či armádním zásobování. Úloha ''Traffic Assignment Problem'' (TAP) se zaměřuje na dopady teorie her na optimalizaci toku, tj. zkoumá vliv více rozhodovatelů na celkové využití sítě. V práci se zaobíráme úlohou TAP s působením náhodných vlivů, k čemuž využíváme metod stochastické a vícestupňové optimalizace. Dále zkoumáme možnosti zlepšení stávajícího využití sítě za rozhodnutí autoritativního rozhodovatele, kterému je umožněn zásah do samotné struktury sítě, k čemuž využíváme víceúrovňové programování.The class of network flow problems is one of the traditional applications of mathematical optimization. Such problems are widely applicable for example in logistics to achieve an optimal distribution of flow with respect to maximization of profit, or minimization of costs. This approach often leads to simplified models of real problems as it supposes the existence of only one decision maker. Such approach is possible in centralised networks, where an authority exists (such as railway network, military supply, or logistic network used by any company). The Traffic Assignment Problem (TAP) deals with impact of game theory to the network flow problem. Hence, we assume multiple decision makers, where each one of them wants to find his optimal behaviour. In this thesis, we focus on stochastic influences in TAP, for which we use methods of stochastic and multi-stage programming. Further, we concentrate on improvement options for the utilization of the system. Hereby, we consider possible actions of the master decision maker, and discuss them by the presence of multi-level mathematical programming.

    General Codes with m Marks

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    Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá výsledky teorie samoopravných kódů, tj. kódů, které slouží výhradně k detekci a opravě chyb vznikajících při komunikaci pomocí těchto kódů. Cílem práce je především podání této teorie v maximální obecnosti a následné zaměření na některé významné kódy. Pomocí lineární algebry nad konečným tělesem zavedeme samoopravný kód jako množinu se strukturou, jejíž vlastností využijeme pro značné zjednodušení detekce a opravování chyb. Poznatky získané v předchozích kapitolách pro obecné kódy jsou v závěru práce aplikovány na známé binární kódy nad dvouprvkovým konečným tělesem (tzv. Hammingovy kódy a Golayův kód). S jejich pomocí jsou ukázány vlastnosti těchto kódů, díky nimž tyto patří mezi nejvýznamnější binární kódy.This bachelor's thesis is concerned with results of error-correcting codes theory, which deals with detection and correction of errors, that arise during communication by means of these codes. The aim of this thesis is the explanation of the theory above in absolute generality, followed by detail view of some significant codes. Using linear algebra over finite fields, we will introduce an error-corecting code like a set with structure, whose characters considerably simplify the detection and correction of errors. The knowledge, that was acquired for general codes, is applied to well-known binary codes at the end of the thesis (ie. Hamming codes and Golay code). With these codes are demonstrated their properties, that sort these codes to the most important binary codes.

    Extreme Value Distribution Parameter Estimation and its Application

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    Předložená práce je zaměřena na teorii extrémních hodnot a její užití v aplikačních úlohách. V první části je zavedeno rozdělení extrémních hodnot a popsány jeho vlastnosti. Na základě předložených tvrzení jsou diskutovány dva přístupy k analýze extrémních hodnot, a sice model blokových maxim a prahový model postavený na zobecněném Paretově rozdělení. Ačkoliv je první jmenovaný v mnoha ohledech chápán jako robustnější, patří prahový model ke stále častěji užívaným přístupům. Samotná volba prahu, která má zásadní vliv na kvalitu odhadu, však pořád patří k nedořešeným problémům tohoto přístupu. Především na techniky určení vhodné prahové hodnoty je tato práce zaměřena. Z aplikačního hlediska jsou pak nejzajímavější adaptivní přístupy určení prahu, které danou volbu vhodně automatizují. Pro porovnání vybraných adaptivních technik byla provedena simulační studie a tyto byly dále použity pro analýzu srážkových úhrnů v jihomoravském regionu. Dále se práce věnuje v poslední době rozvíjeným metodám odhadu extrémních hodnot stacionárních řad. V praxi je často nutné z měřené časové řady vzorkovat přibližně nezávislá pozorování. Použití teorie pro stacionární řady přitom tento problém redukce dat zcela eliminuje. Jak je ukázáno, běžně používané metody vzorkování se v tomto kontextu ukazují jako nevhodné a užití pokročilých technik pro stacionární řady vede k lepším odhadům extrémních hodnot.The thesis is focused on extreme value theory and its applications. Initially, extreme value distribution is introduced and its properties are discussed. At this basis are described two models mostly used for an extreme value analysis, i.e. the block maxima model and the Pareto-distribution threshold model. The first one takes advantage in its robustness, however recently the threshold model is mostly preferred. Although the threshold choice strongly affects estimation quality of the model, an optimal threshold selection still belongs to unsolved issues of this approach. Therefore, the thesis is focused on techniques for proper threshold identification, mainly on adaptive methods suitable for the use in practice. For this purpose a simulation study was performed and acquired knowledge was applied for analysis of precipitation records from South-Moravian region. Further on, the thesis also deals with extreme value estimation within a stationary series framework. Usually, an observed time series needs to be separated to obtain approximately independent observations. The use of the advanced theory for stationary series allows to avoid the entire separation procedure. In this context the commonly applied separation techniques turn out to be quite inappropriate in most cases and the estimates based on theory of stationary series are obtained with better precision.

    Accuracy evaluation of pendulum gravity measurements of Robert von Sterneck

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    The accuracy of first pendulum gravity measurements in the Czech territory was determined using both original surveying notebooks of Robert Daublebsky von Sterneck and modern technologies. Since more accurate methods are used for gravity measurements nowadays, our work is mostly important from the historical point of view. In previous  works, the accuracy of Sterneck’s gravity measurements was determined using only a small dataset. Here we process all Sterneck’s measurements from the Czech territory (a dataset ten times larger than in the previous works, and we complexly assess the accuracy of these measurements. Locations of the measurements were found with the help of original notebooks. Gravity in the site was interpolated using actual gravity models. Finally, the accuracy of Sterneck’s measurements was evaluated as the difference between the measured and interpolated gravity.</span

    Experimentální regresní model spotřeby pitné vody v typické administrativní budově v České republice

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    This article focuses on water consumption and its prediction, using regression models designed for an experiment regarding an administrative building in the Czech Republic. The variables considered are pressure and climatological factors (temperature and humidity). The effects of these variables on the consumption are separately evaluated, subsequently multidimensional models are discussed with the common inclusion of selected combinations of predictors. Separate evaluation results in a value of the N3 coefficient, according to the FAVAD concept used for prediction of changes in water consumption related to pressure.Tento článek se zaměřuje na spotřebu vody a její predikci, přičemž je použito regresních modelů navržených pro experiment provedený na administrativní budově v České republice. Uvažované proměnné jsou tlak a klimatologické faktory (teplota a vlhkost). Efekty těchto proměnných na spotřebu jsou posouzeny zvlášť, následně vícedimenzionálními modely se zařazením společných vybraných kombinací prediktorů. Oddílné posouzení výsledků umožňilo stanovení hodnoty koeficientu N3 dle konceptu FAVAD používaným pro predikci změny spotřeby vody vzhledem k tlaku

    Mechanical and Microstructural Anisotropy of Laser Powder Bed Fusion 316L Stainless Steel

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    This paper aims at an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of mechanical and microstructural properties of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel (W. Nr. 1.4404, CL20ES) produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) technology. The experiment in its first part includes an extensive study of the anisotropy of mechanical and microstructural properties in relation to the built orientation and the direction of loading, which showed significant differences in tensile properties among samples. The second part of the experiment is devoted to the influence of the process parameter focus level (FL) on mechanical properties, where a 48% increase in notched toughness was recorded when the level of laser focus was identical to the level of melting. The FL parameter is not normally considered a process parameter; however, it can be intentionally changed in the service settings of the machine or by incorrect machine repair and maintenance. Evaluation of mechanical and microstructural properties was performed using the tensile test, Charpy impact test, Brinell hardness measurement, microhardness matrix measurement, porosity analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy. Across the whole spectrum of samples, performed analysis confirmed the high quality of LPBF additive manufactured material, which can be compared with conventionally produced material. A very low level of porosity in the range of 0.036 to 0.103% was found. Microstructural investigation of solution annealed (1070 &deg;C) tensile test samples showed an outstanding tendency to recrystallization, grain polygonization, annealing twins formation, and even distribution of carbides in solid solution

    Investigation of Multiparameter Laser Stripping of AlTiN and DLC C Coatings

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    The lifetime and properties of cutting tools and forming moulds can be prolonged and enhanced by the deposition of hard, thin coatings. After a certain period of usage, the coating will deteriorate. Any remaining coating must be removed prior to successful recoating. Laser stripping is a fast and environmentally friendly coating removal method. In this paper, we present laser removal of two types of coatings deposited on a 1.2379 tool steel substrate, namely, an AlTiN coating with high hardness and a DLC C coating with a small coefficient of friction (COF). A powerful nanosecond laser was employed to remove the coating from the substrate with high efficiency, along with suitable residual surface roughness. Measurements were taken of surface roughness, removed depth, and working time on a stripped area of 1 cm2. The samples were evaluated under a microscope, with a 3D profilometer, and by EDS chemical analysis. Successful removal of the coating was confirmed by optical analysis, but detailed chemical characterisation showed that about 30% of the coating element may remain on the surface. Moreover, a working time of less than 7.5 s per cm2 was obtained in this study. In addition, it was shown that the application of a second low energy, high frequency laser beam pass leads to remelting of the peaks of the material and reduced surface roughness

    Porosity and microstructure of L-PBF printed AlSi10Mg thin tubes in laser shock peening

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    Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for producing complex geometries that are difficult to achieve with other methods. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by issues such as deleterious microstructure, tensile residual stresses, and porous structure, mainly while working with aluminum alloys. To address these challenges, laser shock peening (LSP) offers a potential solution by mitigating the negative effects associated with aluminum L-PBF. This study investigates the impact of the important LSP parameters, namely energy, spot size, and overlap on L-PBF printed thin AlSi10Mg tubes. A total of 17 specimens were examined by varying the mentioned parameters at three levels each. The outcome of the study was evaluated in terms of residual stresses, porosity, microstructure and surface roughness. The results have shown significant improvements in residual stresses, where a maximum improvement of over 200% was observed and a decrease in porosity by 70%. Furthermore, the microstructure analysis revealed grain refinement and dislocation redistribution as material reactions, aligning with the observed microhardness increase. These findings demonstrate the viability of LSP as a post-processing method for demanding applications, effectively addressing the limitations of the L-PBF process
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